Typhoid fever

today we will talk about the disease a
 disease of the damned typhoid fever









Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid,
 is a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typh
i that causes symptoms[1] which may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure.[2][3] Often there is a gradual onset of a
 high fever over several days.[2] Weakness,
commonly occur.[3][4] Diarrhea is uncommon and
 vomiting is not usually severe.[4] Some people deve
lop a skin rash with rose colored spots.[3] In severe
 cases there may be confusion.[4] Without treatment
 symptoms may last weeks or months.[3] Other people
 may carry the bacterium without being affected; 
however, they are still able to spread the
 disease to others.[5] Typhoid fever is a type of
 enteric fever along with paratyphoid fever.[1]
The cause is the bacterium Salmonella typhi,
 also known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi,
 growing in the intestines andblood.[3][4] Typhoid is
 spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated
 with the feces of an infected person.[5] Risk factors
 include poor sanitation and poor hygiene.[1] Those
 who travel to the developing world are also at
 risk[4] and only humans can be infected.[5]
 Diagnosis is by either culturing the bacteria or
 detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, 
or bone marrow.[1][3][6]Culturing the bacterium can
 be difficult.[7] Bone marrow testing is the most accurate
.[6] Symptoms are similar to that of many other infectious
diseases.[4] Typhus is a different disease.[8]
A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 30% to 70%
 of cases during the first two years.[9] The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years.[1] It is recommended for those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common.[5] Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation, and better handwashing.[3][5] Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others.[3] Treatment of disease is with antibioticssuch as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins.[1] Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult.[1]
In 2013 there were 11 million new cases reported.[10] The disease is most common in India, and children are most commonly affected.[1][5] Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.[5] About 400 cases are reported and the disease is estimated to occur in about 6,000 people per year in the United States.[4][11] In 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total).[12] The risk of death may be as high as 25% without treatment, while with treatment it is between 1 and 4%.[1][5] The name typhoid means "resembling typhus" due to the similarity in symptoms.[13]