gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis,
gastroenteritis is counted as one of most viral diseases .
also known as infectious diarrhea,
is inflammation of the gastrointestinal
tract that involves the stomach and small intestine.
[1] Signs and symptoms include some combination
of diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.[2] Fever, lack of energy,
and dehydration may also occur.[3][4] This
typically lasts less than two weeks.[1] It is unrelated to influenza though it has been called the stomach flu.[5]
Gastroenteritis can be due to infections by viruses, bacteria,
parasites, and fungus.[3][6] The most common cause is viruses.[6] In children rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease.[7] In adults, norovirus and
Campylobacter are common.[8][9] Transmission may occur due
to eating improperly prepared foods, drinking contaminated
water, or through close contact
with an individual who is infected. Testing to confirm the diagnosis is typically not needed.[3]
Prevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, proper disposal of human waste, and breastfeeding babies instead of using formula.[3] The rotavirus vaccine is recommended in children.[3][7] Treatment involves getting enough fluids. For mild or moderate cases, this can typically be achieved by drinking oral rehydration solution (a combination of water, salts, and sugar). In those who are breast fed, continued breastfeeding is recommended. For more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed.[3] Fluids may also be given by a nasogastric tube.[10] Zinc supplementation is recommended in children.[3] Antibiotics are generally not needed.[11]
It is estimated that three to five billion cases of gastroenteritis resulting in 1.4 million deaths occur globally each year.[12][13] Children and those in the developing world are most commonly affected.[14] As of 2011, in those below age five, there were about 1.7 billion cases resulting in 0.7 million deaths.[15] In the developing world children less than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year.[16] It is less common in adults, partly due to the development of immunity.[17]
